Manned Submersibles

Introduction

The purpose of this website is to update and extend the listing of manned submersibles first compiled by R. Frank Busby in 1976 with the publication of Manned Submersibles. This book with its wealth of information and inclusion in the public domain has become a handbook for submersible enthusiasts. As Busby noted in the introduction the content was almost immediately out of date due to upgrades to the submersibles, changes in ownership, and new submersibles being launched. Busby himself updated the list only two years later with his Review of Manned Submersibles. This website is here to provide an accessible listing of the content Manned Submersibles and Review of Manned Submersibles and attempt to provide information on the fate of these vehicles and to list the many submersibles that have been introduced to the market since.

Manned Submersibles Defined

There are quite a few overlapping definitions and terms used to describe what we will called a 'manned submersible,' the current term gaining popularity is Human Occupied Vehicle (HOV) as the alternative to a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). This website will continue to use the term 'manned submersible' and use Busby's definition from 1976:

A manned, non-combatant craft capable of independant operation on and under the water's surface which has its own propulsion power and a means of direct viewing for the occupants who are embarked within a dry atmosphere.

This excludes underwater habitats (no propulsion), military submarines and swimmer delivery vehicles (combatants), diver propulsion vehicles (no dry atmosphere). This definition does however include tethered craft such as WASP, and incredibly shallow diving craft such as the Bionic Dolphin.

With so much new construction it would be difficult if not impossible to track every new submersible built, in some cases only a single entry is made for a whole class of submersible and in other cases each submersible built has been given it's own entry.

Manned Submersibles: 1985—Present

Over the past 30 years the development of better computer systems and declining prices have caused the ROV and AUV to replace the manned submersible in many of its roles in the oil and research fields. Aside from aspiring superpowers developing deep diving research vessels to demonstrate their scientific prowess in lieu of participation in the space race, the majority of submersible development has taken place to provide for an expanding market for personal submarines. Whether individual builders, crowdfunded projects, or commercial products the main operator of the manned submersible is now the private individual. The megayacht industry has created a market for comfortable and easily piloted submersibles and in the past decade the number of commercials offerings has exploded and encouraged the production of amateur craft in the process.

C-EXPLORER 3

C-EXPLORER 3 General Information
Length:	4.23 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	3.21 m	Life Support (Max):	288 man hours
Height:	2.33 m	Total Power:	43.2 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	6010 kg	Max Speed:	3 kts
Operating Depth:	300 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	2 / 0
Launch Date:	2014	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape composed of acrylic.
Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through Calcium-Hydroxide.
Builder: U-Boat Worx B.V., Breda, Netherlands.
Status: Operational.
Remarks: This class of submersible is available for purchase.

Deep Flight Dragon

Deep Flight Dragon General Information
Length:	5 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	1.9 m	Life Support (Max):	144 man hours
Height:	1.1 m	Total Power:	14 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	1800 kg	Max Speed:	4 kts
Operating Depth:	100 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	2014	Payload:	250 kg

Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through Soda Lime.
Builder: Hawkes Ocean Technologies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Status: Operational.
Remarks: This class of submersible is available for purchase.

Deep Flight I

Deep Flight I General Information
Length:	3.96 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.44 m	Life Support (Max):	18 man hours
Height:	0.91 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	4 kts
Weight:	1300 kg	Max Speed:	12 kts
Operating Depth:	1000 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	1995	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of glass FRP.
Builder: Graham Hawkes, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Deep Flight Super Falcon

Deep Flight Super Falcon General Information
Length:	6.2 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.6 m	Life Support (Max):	48 man hours
Height:	1.2 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	2 kts
Weight:	1820 kg	Max Speed:	5 kts
Operating Depth:	305 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	915 m	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	2008	Payload:	230 kg

Builder: Hawkes Ocean Technologies, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Deepsea Challenger

Deepsea Challenger General Information
Length:	N/A	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	N/A	Life Support (Max):	56 man hours
Height:	7.6 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	11800 kg	Max Speed:	3 kts
Operating Depth:	10000 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	15200 m	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	2012	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape composed of steel.
Builder: Acheron Project Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.

Euronaut

Euronaut General Information
Length:	16.01 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.5 m	Life Support (Max):	168 man hours
Height:	4.17 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	57300 kg	Max Speed:	8 kts
Operating Depth:	250 m	Pilots:	3
Crush Depth:	500 m	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	2012	Payload:	168 kg

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of steel.
Builder: Carsten Standfuss, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Status: Operational.

Eurosub

Eurosub General Information
Length:	4.5 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	1.9 m	Life Support (Max):	96 man hours
Height:	1.8 m	Total Power:	28.8 kWh
Draft:	1.2 m	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	2400 kg	Max Speed:	N/A
Operating Depth:	250 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	500 m	Observers/Divers:	2 / 0
Launch Date:	2009	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of S 355 J2 G3 steel.
Builder: Carsten Standfuss and Emile van Essen, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Status: Operational.

Hiper Sub 2

Hiper Sub 2 General Information
Length:	3.16 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.73 m	Life Support (Max):	192 man hours
Height:	1.48 m	Total Power:	32 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	2480 kg	Max Speed:	6 kts
Operating Depth:	100 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	2015	Payload:	N/A

JAGO

JAGO General Information
Length:	3 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2 m	Life Support (Max):	96 man hours
Height:	2.5 m	Total Power:	13 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	1 kts
Weight:	3000 kg	Max Speed:	N/A
Operating Depth:	400 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	1989	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of steel.
Builder: Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Seewiesen, Germany.
Classification: Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd
Status: Retired 2021.

Jiaolong

Jiaolong General Information
Length:	8.3 m	Hatch Diameter:	2.1 m
Beam:	3 m	Life Support (Max):	84 man hours
Height:	3.2 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	1 kts
Weight:	22000 kg	Max Speed:	2.5 kts
Operating Depth:	7000 m	Pilots:	N/A
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	2010	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape.
Builder: China Shipbuilding Industry Corp., China.
Classification: China Classification Society
Status: Operational.

Marlin S-101 (Noctiluca)

Marlin S-101 (Noctiluca) General Information
Length:	8.55 m	Hatch Diameter:	0.48 m
Beam:	1.2 m	Life Support (Max):	192 man hours
Height:	2.1 m	Total Power:	10 kWh
Draft:	1 m	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	4200 kg	Max Speed:	4.5 kts
Operating Depth:	200 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	370 m	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	1988	Payload:	200 kg

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of 43 A steel.
Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through Sodasorb.
Builder: Marlin Submarines Ltd., Plymouth, UK.
Status: Operational.
Operator: Community Submersibles Project, Berkeley, CA, USA.

MIR 1

MIR 1 General Information
Length:	7.8 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	3.8 m	Life Support (Max):	246 man hours
Height:	3.65 m	Total Power:	100 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	18700 kg	Max Speed:	2.5 kts
Operating Depth:	6000 m	Pilots:	2
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	1987	Payload:	300 kg

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape composed of maraging steel.
Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through LiOH.
Builder: Rauma-Repola Oceanics, Lokomo, Finland.
Classification: Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd
Status: Operational.

Ocean Pearl

Ocean Pearl General Information
Length:	4.53 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.44 m	Life Support (Max):	192 man hours
Height:	2.25 m	Total Power:	28 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	3 kts
Weight:	3200 kg	Max Speed:	N/A
Operating Depth:	150 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	2010	Payload:	227 kg

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape composed of acrylic.
Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through Sodasorb.
Builder: SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation, Upland, CA, USA.
Status: Operational.
Remarks: This class of submersible is available for purchase.

R300

R300 General Information
Length:	5.8 m	Hatch Diameter:	0.55 m
Beam:	2 m	Life Support (Max):	79 man hours
Height:	1.2 m	Total Power:	12 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	7 kts
Weight:	1921 kg	Max Speed:	26 kts
Operating Depth:	91 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	0 / 0
Launch Date:	2008	Payload:	100 kg

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical with one hemispherical end cap and a conical section composed of A516 Grade 70 steel.
Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through soda lime.
Builder: Cliff Redus, Devine, TX, USA.
Status: Operational.

SAGA

SAGA General Information
Length:	28.06 m	Hatch Diameter:	0.69 / 0.69 m
Beam:	7.4 m	Life Support (Max):	7800 man hours
Height:	8.5 m	Total Power:	6475 kWh
Draft:	3.65 m	Cruise Speed:	4 kts
Weight:	305000 kg	Max Speed:	6 kts
Operating Depth:	600 m	Pilots:	6
Crush Depth:	1200 m	Observers/Divers:	1 / 6
Launch Date:	1986	Payload:	3000 kg

Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through Soda Lime.
Builder: Comex Industries, Marseille, France.
Classification: Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, Bureau Veritas

Sgt. Pepper's

Sgt. Pepper's General Information
Length:	2.98 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	0.9 m	Life Support (Max):	N/A
Height:	0.9 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	500 kg	Max Speed:	N/A
Operating Depth:	150 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	300 m	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	1987	Payload:	80 kg

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of steel.
Builder: Carsten Standfuss, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Status: Operational. Available for purchase.

Shenhai Yongshi (Deep Sea Warrior)

Shenhai Yongshi (Deep Sea Warrior) General Information
Length:	9.3 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	3 m	Life Support (Max):	N/A
Height:	4 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	20000 kg	Max Speed:	2.5 kts
Operating Depth:	4500 m	Pilots:	3
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	2017	Payload:	220 kg

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape.
Builder: China Shipbuilding Industry Corp., China.
Classification: China Classification Society
Status: Operational.

Shinkai 6500

Shinkai 6500 General Information
Length:	9.5 m	Hatch Diameter:	0.5 m
Beam:	2.7 m	Life Support (Max):	387 man hours
Height:	3.2 m	Total Power:	86.4 kWh
Draft:	2.7 m	Cruise Speed:	1 kts
Weight:	2600 kg	Max Speed:	2.5 kts
Operating Depth:	6500 m	Pilots:	2
Crush Depth:	10050 m	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	1989	Payload:	200 kg

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape composed of titanium.
Life Support: Carbon dioxide removed by scrubbing through LiOH.
Builder: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Kobe, Japan.
Classification: Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
Status: Operational.
Operator: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (J, Japan.

Titan

Titan General Information
Length:	6.7 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.8 m	Life Support (Max):	96 man hours
Height:	2.5 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	2.5 m	Cruise Speed:	3 kts
Weight:	9525 kg	Max Speed:	3 kts
Operating Depth:	4000 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	3800 m	Observers/Divers:	4 / 0
Launch Date:	2018	Payload:	685 kg

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of titanium and body made of carbon FRP.
Builder: OceanGate Ltd., Everett, WA, USA.
Classification: Infamously none.
Status: Sunk on June 18, 2023.
Remarks: Investigation into the sinking is ongoing but likely caused by a hull implosion. All aboard were killed in the accident.

Triton 36000/2 (Limiting Factor)

Triton 36000/2 (Limiting Factor) General Information
Length:	4.6 m	Hatch Diameter:	0.45 m
Beam:	1.9 m	Life Support (Max):	96 man hours
Height:	3.7 m	Total Power:	65 kWh
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	11700 kg	Max Speed:	3 kts
Operating Depth:	11000 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	1 / 0
Launch Date:	2018	Payload:	220 kg

Pressure Hull: Spherical shape composed of titanium.
Builder: Triton Submarines, Vero Beach, FL, USA.
Classification: Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd
Status: Operational.
Remarks: Deepest diving manned submersible in the world.

UC1 Freya

UC1 Freya General Information
Length:	7 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	1 m	Life Support (Max):	N/A
Height:	2.9 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	2.5 kts
Weight:	N/A	Max Speed:	3.5 kts
Operating Depth:	10 m	Pilots:	N/A
Crush Depth:	135 m	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	2002	Payload:	N/A

Builder: Peter Madsen, Farum, Denmark.
Status: Retired 2006. Sunk as an artificial reef near Copenhagen in 2008.

UC2 Kraka

UC2 Kraka General Information
Length:	12.6 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	1 m	Life Support (Max):	N/A
Height:	2.9 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	3 kts
Weight:	N/A	Max Speed:	9 kts
Operating Depth:	40 m	Pilots:	N/A
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	N/A
Launch Date:	2005	Payload:	N/A

Builder: Peter Madsen, Farum, Denmark.
Status: Retired 2009. On display at the Technical Museum of Denmark in Helsingør, Denmark.

UC3 Nautilus

UC3 Nautilus General Information
Length:	17.76 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2 m	Life Support (Max):	N/A
Height:	N/A	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	N/A	Max Speed:	N/A
Operating Depth:	40 m	Pilots:	2
Crush Depth:	470 m	Observers/Divers:	4 / 0
Launch Date:	2008	Payload:	N/A

Pressure Hull: Cylindrical shape with hemispherical end caps composed of steel.
Builder: Peter Madsen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Status: Retired 2018. Destroyed in 2018 by Danish authorities.

VAS 525/60 LE MK 2

VAS 525/60 LE MK 2 General Information
Length:	8.4 m	Hatch Diameter:	N/A
Beam:	2.4 m	Life Support (Max):	576 man hours
Height:	2.6 m	Total Power:	N/A
Draft:	N/A	Cruise Speed:	N/A
Weight:	12980 kg	Max Speed:	6 kts
Operating Depth:	160 m	Pilots:	1
Crush Depth:	N/A	Observers/Divers:	5 / 0
Launch Date:	2015	Payload:	500 kg

Builder: GSE Trieste s.r.l., Ciserano, Italy.
Status: Operational.
Remarks: This class of submersible is available for purchase.

Appendix 1: Status of Submersibles—Past, Present, Future

Status of Submersibles—Past, Present, Future
Name	Builder	Launch Date	Operating Depth (m)	Crew	Status
All Ocean Industries (Optics II)	Charles Yuen Submersibles	1971	31	2
Aluminaut	Gen. Dynamics Corp.	1964	4572	6	Retired 1971. On display at the Science Museum of Virginia in Richmond, VA.
Alvin	Litton Systems	1964	4000	3	Operational.
Anorep 1	Victor Perona	1966	100	0
Antipodes (XPC-1501)	Perry Oceanographics, Inc.	1995	305	5	Operational.
Aquarius I	Hyco Subsea Inc.	1973	366	4
Aquarius III	Hyco Subsea Inc.	1989	366	3
Archimede	French Navy	1961	10973	3
Argus	P.P. Shirshov, Institute of Oceanography	1975	600	3
Argyronete	Center for Advanced Marine Studies (CEMA)	N/A	600	10	Construction halted in 1971.
Aries I	Soviet Academy of Science	N/A	365	6
ARMS	Perry Submarine Builders	1976	914	2
Asherah	Gen. Dynamics Corp.	1964	183	2
Atlantis I	Sub Aquatics Development Corp.	1985	46	30
Atlantis II	Sub Aquatics Development Corp.	1986	46	30
August Piccard (PX-8)	Giovanola Brothers	1963	610	9
Aurora-3C	SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation	2017	457	3	Operational.
Beanie 1	Lee S. DiMitchell	1986	152	4
Beaver Mark IV (Roughneck)	North American Rockwell Corp.	1968	823	5
Ben Franklin (PX-15)	Grumman Aerospace Corp.	1968	610	6	Retired 1971. On display at the Vancouver Maritime Museum in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Benthos V	Lear Siegler, Inc.	1963	183	2
Bushnell 1000	Peter R. Chaponis	1986	305	2
C-BUG	Carl Stanley	1997	221	2	Retired 2009. Sunk as an artificial reef in Roatan, Honduras.
C-EXPLORER 3	U-Boat Worx B.V.	2014	300	3	Operational.
C-EXPLORER 5	U-Boat Worx B.V.	2012	200	5	Operational. Available for rides in Willemstad, Curaçao. This class of submersible is available for purchase.
C-Quester 3	U-Boat Worx B.V.	2011	100	3	Operational.
CEE-22gst	Maritalia	N/A	620	14
Chibuta (Japanese DSRV)	Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.	1985	0	2
Combi-Sub 200	Combi-Sub AB	1986	200	2
Constructor (Arctic Welder)	Deep Diving Systems, Ltd.	1977	488	2	Inactive.
Curasub	Nuytco Research Ltd.	2009	328	5	Operational. Available for rides in Willemstad, Curaçao.
Cyclops 1	OceanGate Ltd.	2015	500	5	Operational.
Deep Flight Aviator	Hawkes Ocean Technologies	2003	457	2	Retired 2007. Sold in 2007 and reconfigured as Super Aviator.
Deep Flight Challenger	Hawkes Ocean Technologies	2000	11277	1	Construction halted in 2014.
Deep Flight Dragon	Hawkes Ocean Technologies	2014	100	2	Operational.
Deep Flight I	Graham Hawkes	1995	1000	1
Deep Flight Super Falcon	Hawkes Ocean Technologies	2008	305	2
Deep Flight Super Falcon Mark II	Hawkes Ocean Technologies	2013	120	2	Operational.
Deep Jeep	U.S. Naval Ordinance Test Station	1964	610	2
Deep Quest	Lockheed Missiles and Space Corp.	1967	2438	4	Retired 1980. On display at the U.S. Naval Undersea Museum in Keyport, WA.
Deep Rover	Deep Ocean Engineering	1984	366	1	Operational.
Deep View	U.S. Naval Undersea Center	1971	460	2
Deepsea Challenger	Acheron Project Pty Ltd	2012	10000	1
Deepstar 2000	Westinghouse Electric Corp.	1969	610	3
Deepstar 20000	Westinghouse Electric Corp.	N/A	6096	3	Cancelled 1970
Deepstar 4000	Westinghouse Electric Corp.	1965	1220	3
Delta	Marfab, Inc.	1982	305	2	Operational. Available for charter.
Dolphin II	Ralph Gordon	1988	30	0
DOWB	A.C. Division, General Motors Corp.	1968	1980	3
DSRV-1 (Mystic)	Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.	1970	1524	28	Retired 2008. On display at the U.S. Naval Undersea Museum in Keyport, WA.
DSRV-2 (Avalon)	Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.	1971	1524	28	Retired 2000. On display at the Morro Bay Maritime Interpretive Center in Morro Bay, CA. Will be eventually housed at the future Morro Bay Maritime Interpretive Center.
DSV-3 (Turtle)	Mare Island Shipyard	1968	3048	3	Retired 1997. On display at the Mystic Aquarium in Mystic, CT.
DSV-4 (Sea Cliff)	Mare Island Shipyard	1968	6096	3
E1	MARKASUB	1977	150	1
E2	MARKASUB	1981	210	1
E3	MARKASUB	1981	260	2
Euronaut	Carsten Standfuss	2012	250	5	Operational.
Eurosub	Carsten Standfuss and Emile van Essen	2009	250	3	Operational.
F.-A. Forel (PX-28)	Giovanola Brothers S.A.	1979	500	3	Retired 2005. On display at the La Maison de la Rivière..
Fathom Z (Hyper-Sub)	HSP Technologies	2007	9	5	Operational. Available for purchase.
FNRS-2	Auguste Piccard	1948	4115	2	Retired 1949. Reconfigured to the FNRS-3 by the French Navy in 1949-1953 after severe damage to float.
FNRS-3	French Naval Shipyard	1953	4115	2	Retired 1960. On display at the Toulon Naval Base in Toulon, France.
Gemini	Subeo, Ltd.	2001	50	2	Operational. Available for purchase.
Globule	COMEX	1973	183	2	Retired 1990. On display at the La Cité de la Mer in Cherbourg, France.
Goldfish	Burtis L. Dickman	1958	30	4
Griffon	CERTSM	1973	600	4
Guppy	Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co.	1970	305	2
H20 (Seaker 100)	H20 Submarines	1989	30	3	Retired 1990. Sunk on April 10, 1990.
Haeyang 250	Korea Takoma Shipyard	1986	250	0	Retired 1996. On display at the Korean National Maritime Museum in Busan, Korea.
Hakugei	Tokai Salvage Co., Ltd.	1958	200	0
Hakuyo	Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.	1971	300	3	Retired 2013. On display at the Kagoshima City Aquarium in Kagoshima, Japan.
Harren	Martin Hedin	2017	25	2	Operational.
Hikino	Naval Weapons Center	1966	6	2
Hiper Sub 2	U-Boat Worx B.V.	2015	100	2	Operational.
Hiper Sub 4	U-Boat Worx B.V.	2015	100	4	Operational.
Ictineu 3	Ictineu Submarins S.L.	2013	1200	3	Operational.
Idabel	Carl Stanley	2003	915	3	Operational. Offering rides in Roatan, Honduras.
JAGO	Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology	1989	400	2	Retired 2021.
Jiaolong	China Shipbuilding Industry Corp.	2010	7000	0	Operational.
Jim	Underwater Marine Equipment Ltd.	1973	457	1
Johnson Sea Link I	Harbor Branch Foundation Inc.	1971	805	4	Retired 2011.
Johnson Sea Link II	Harbor Branch Foundation Inc.	1975	805	4	Retired 2011.
K-250	G.W. Kitteredge	1966	76	1
K-350	G.W. Kitteredge	1980	107	1
Kumukahi	Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point	1969	91	2
Kuroshio II	Japanese Steel and Tube Co.	1960	200	4
Leo I	Hyco, Ltd.	1976	610	3
LG-50-1 (Looking Glass)	Fluid Energy Ltd.	1987	76	50
LG-50-2 (Enterprise)	Fluid Energy Ltd.	1988	76	50
Licorne	CERTSM	1980	300	5
LR2	Vickers Slingsby	1975	366	3
LR3	Vickers Slingsby	1976	457	3
LR4	Vickers Slingsby	1977	457	5
LR5 DSRV	Vickers Slingsby	1978	457	19	Operational.
Makakai	U.S. Naval Undersea Center	1971	183	2	Retired 1974. On display at the U.S. Naval Undersea Museum in Keyport, WA.
Makali'i	Gen. Dynamics Corp.	1966	366	2
Mantis	Star Offshore Ltd.	1978	610	0
MARFAB	MARFAB	1978	457	2
Marlin AP6 (Alicia)	Marlin Submarines Ltd.	2004	305	6	Operational.
Marlin S-101 (Noctiluca)	Marlin Submarines Ltd.	1988	200	2	Operational.
Marlin S-103 (Lula)	Marlin Submarines Ltd.	1997	500	3	Retired 2013. Sold in 2013 and reconfigured as Cyclops 1.
Marlin S-201	Marlin Submarines Ltd.	2008	305	2	Operational.
Mermaid I/II	Bruker-Physik A.G.	1972	305	2
Mermaid III	Bruker-Physik AG	1975	260	4	Mermaid III was cannibalized for the refit of Mermaid IV.
Mermaid IV	Bruker Meerestechnik GmbH	1976	260	4
Mermaid V	Bruker-Physik AG	N/A	300	2
Mermaid VI A	Bruker Meerestechnik GmbH	1980	600	5
Mermaid VI B	Bruker Meerestechnik GmbH	1981	600	5
Mermaid VIII	Bruker Meerestechnik GmbH	1989	1000	3
Mini Diver	Great Lakes Underwater Sports, Inc.	1968	76	2
MIR 1	Rauma-Repola Oceanics	1987	6000	3	Operational.
MIR 2	Rauma-Repola Oceanics	1987	6000	3	Operational.
Moana I	COMEX	1974	400	3
Moana III	Comex Industries	1976	200	3
Moana IV	Comex Industries	1976	200	3
MOB 1001	COMEX	1977	1000	2
MOB 1002	COMEX	1977	1000	2
MOB 501	COMEX	1976	500	2
Moglyn	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	1989	100	18
MSM-1	Italcantieri	1980	600	3	Retired 2002. On display at the Museo Tecnico Navale in La Spezia, Italy.
Nautilette (1 Man)	Nautilette Inc.	1964	30	1
Nautilette (2 Man)	Nautilette Inc.	1964	30	2
Nekton Alpha	Nekton, Inc.	1968	305	2
Nekton Beta	General Oceanographics, Inc.	1970	305	2
Nekton Gamma	General Oceanographics, Inc.	1971	305	2	Operational.
Nemo	U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory	1970	183	2
Neree	COMEX	1972	200	1
Nereid 330	Nereid nv.	1972	101	3
NordicSub Drebbel	Emile van Essen	2013	400	3	Operational. Offering rides in the Netherlands.
Ocean Pearl	SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation	2010	150	2	Operational.
Odyssey 1	International Submarine Engineering Ltd.	1989	46	38
Odyssey 2	International Submarine Engineering Ltd.	1989	46	38
OPSUB	Perry Submarine Builders	1972	610	2
OSMOTR	Dept. of Ocean Instrumentation, Academy of Sciences	1985	300	5
P10	Hyco, Ltd.	1975	1000	3
P2	Hyco, Ltd.	1969	732	3
P3	Hyco, Ltd.	1969	914	3
P8	Hyco, Ltd.	1975	1000	2
Pacita 1	J. R. Knutson & P. I. Tiemsin	1988	122	1
Pagoo	International Submarine Engineering Ltd.	2007	365	8	Operational.
Paulo I	Anautics, Inc.	1967	182	2	Retired 1971. Sold in 1971 and reconfigured as Sea Otter.
PC-1201 (Seeview)	Perry Submarine Builders	1975	305	3	Operational. Available for charter.
PC-1202	Perry Submarine Builders	1975	305	5
PC-1203	Perry Submarine Builders	1976	305	3
PC-1204	Perry Submarine Builders	1976	305	3	Operational. Available for charter.
PC-1205	Perry Submarine Builders	1978	305	3	Operational. Available for charter.
PC-14C-1 (Diaphus)	Perry Submarine Builders	1974	366	2
PC-14C-2	Perry Submarine Builders	1975	183	2
PC-15 (VOL-L1)	Perry Oceanographics, Inc.	1973	366	5	Sold in 1988 and reconfigured as XPC-1501.
PC-16	Perry Submarine Builders	1976	914	3
PC-1601	Perry Submarine Builders	1976	914	3
PC-1602	Perry Submarine Builders	1980	914	3
PC-18 (Super Sub 1)	Perry Oceanographics, Inc.	1978	300	4
PC-1801	Perry Submarine Builders	1977	305	4
PC-1802	Perry Submarine Builders	1977	305	4
PC-1804	Perry Submarine Builders	1978	305	4
PC-1805	Perry Submarine Builders	1983	300	4
PC-3A1	Perry Submarine Builders	1964	91	2
PC-3A2	Perry Submarine Builders	1966	91	2
PC-3B (Techdiver)	Perry Submarine Builders	1963	183	2
PC-3X (Gaspergou)	Perry Submarine Builders	1962	46	2
PC-5C (P.51)	Perry Submarine Builders	1968	300	3
PC-8	Perry Oceanographics, Inc.	1971	244	2
PC-8B	Perry Submarine Builders	1971	244	2	Operational.
PC-9 (Survey Sub 1)	Perry Submarine Builders	1970	412	3
PH 1350	Sub Sea Oil Services S.p.A.	1983	350	10
Pioneer I	March International	1978	366	2
Pisces I	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1965	366	2
Pisces II	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1968	792	3
Pisces III	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1969	1097	3
Pisces IV	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1972	2012	3	Operational.
Pisces V (P5)	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1973	1500	2	Operational.
Pisces VI	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1976	2012	3	Operational.
Pisces VII	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1975	2000	3
Pisces XI	International Hydrodynamics Ltd.	1975	2000	3
PLC-4 (Deep Diver)	Perry Submarine Builders	1968	410	4	Retired 1970. On display at the Harbor Branch Ocean Discovery Visitor Center in Fort Pierce, FL.
PLC-4B (Shelf Diver)	Perry Submarine Builders	1968	244	2
PS-2 (Tudlik) (P.82)	Perry Submarine Builders	1972	300	2
R300	Cliff Redus	2008	91	1	Operational.
Remora 2000	COMEX	2000	610	2	Operational.
Remora 600	COMEX	1987	300	1	Retired 1994. On display at the La Cité de la Mer in Cherbourg, France.
RS-250-1 (MARIEA I)	Wärtsilä Shipyard	1987	76	50
RS-250-2 (Golden Trout)	Laivateollisuus OY	1988	76	50
RS-250-3 (MARIEA III)	Wärtsilä Shipyard	1988	76	50
RS-250-4 (Coral Odyssey)	Laivateollisuus OY	1988	76	50
RS-250-5 (Golden Salmon)	W-Sub	1988	76	50
SAGA	Comex Industries	1986	600	13
SC-200	Romanian Institute for Marine Research (IRCM)	1981	200	2
SDL-1	Hyco, Ltd.	1970	610	5
Sea Explorer	Sea-Line, Inc.	1970	183	2
Sea Otter	Anautics, Inc.	1971	457	3
Sea Ranger	Verne Engineering, Inc.	1973	183	3
Sea Urchin	Can-Dive Services Ltd.	1988	93	1
Sea-Ray (SRD-101)	Mr. E. Crosby	1968	305	2
Seahorse II	Bruker Meerestechnik GmbH	1983	200	6
Seahorse KD	Bruker Meerestechnik GmbH	1989	300	6
Sever-2	Ministry of Shipping Industry	1970	2000	3
Sever-2 Bis	Ministry of Shipping Industry	1972	2000	3	Available for purchase at Steiner Shipyard in Bayou la Batre, AL.
Sgt. Pepper's	Carsten Standfuss	1987	150	1	Operational. Available for purchase.
Shenhai Yongshi (Deep Sea Warrior)	China Shipbuilding Industry Corp.	2017	4500	3	Operational.
Shinkai	Kawasaki Heavy Industries	1968	600	4	Retired 1977. On display at the Yamato Museum in Kure, Japan.
Shinkai 2000 (DSV-2K)	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	1981	2000	3	Retired 2004. On display at the Enoshima Aquarium in Fujisawa, Japan.
Shinkai 6500	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	1989	6500	3	Operational.
SKADOC 1000	Skadoc Submersible Systems	1973	305	2
SM-100	Submarine OY	1990	100	50
SM-358-1	Comex Industries	1979	300	7
SM-358-2	Comex Industries	1979	300	7
SM-360	Comex Industries	1980	300	7
SM-97 (Nautile)	Office Francais de Recherches Sous-Marine (IFREMER)	1985	6000	3	Operational.
Snooper	Undersea Graphics, Inc.	1969	305	2	Operational. Available for charter.
Snooper II	Undersea Graphics, Inc.	2011	305	2	Operational. Available for charter.
SO 450	Comex Industries	1982	400	3
SP-3000 (Cyana)	Center for Advanced Marine Studies (CEMA)	1970	3000	3
SP-350 (Denise)	Office Francais de Recherches Sous-Marine (IFREMER)	1959	350	2
SP-500 (Sea Flea)	Sud Aviation	1964	500	1
Sportsman 300	American Submarine Co.	1961	91	2
Sportsman 600	American Submarine Co.	1963	183	2
SPT-16	Sulzer	1990	100	18
Star I	Gen. Dynamics Corp.	1963	61	1
Star II	Gen. Dynamics Corp.	1966	366	2
Star III	Gen. Dynamics Corp.	1966	610	2
Stingray 500	Aquatica Submarines	2017	150	3	Operational.
Submanaut	Martine's Diving Bells Inc.	1956	183	6
Submanaut	Helle Engineering, Inc.	1963	61	2
Submaray	C & D Tools	1962	91	2
Super Aviator	Nuytco Research Ltd.	2009	610	2
SURV	Lintott Engineering Ltd.	1967	183	2	Retired 1969.
T-1	Vickers Slingsby	1976	914	2
Taurus A	Hyco, Ltd.	1977	335	6
Thetis	COMEX	1999	610	2	Operational.
Tiger-Hai	Anton Dinkel and Helge Biermann	1963	35	2	Operational. A single Taiger-Hai submersible, built in 1964, continues to dive.
Tiger-Hai 2	Anton Dinkel and Helge Biermann	1964	35	2
Tinro-2	Ministry of Shipping Industry	1973	400	2
Tinro-2 Bis	Ministry of Shipping Industry	1975	400	2
Titan	OceanGate Ltd.	2018	4000	5	Sunk on June 18, 2023.
Tours 64	Maschinenbau Gabler GmbH	1971	300	2
Tours 66	Maschinenbau Gabler GmbH	1972	300	2
Trieste I	Auguste and Jacque Piccard	1953	0	3	Retired 1963. On display at the National Museum of the U.S. Navy in Washington, DC.
Trieste II	Mare Island Naval Shipyard	1969	6096	3	Retired 1980. On display at the U.S. Naval Undersea Museum in Keyport, WA.
Triton 1000/2 (Nomad)	Triton Submarines	2010	305	2	Operational.
Triton 1000/2 MKII	Triton Submarines	2019	305	2	Operational.
Triton 1650/3 LP	Triton Submarines	2016	500	3	Operational.
Triton 3300/1 MD	Triton Submarines	2016	1000	1	Operational.
Triton 3300/3 MKII	Triton Submarines	2016	1000	3	Operational.
Triton 36000/2 (Limiting Factor)	Triton Submarines	2018	11000	2	Operational.
Triton 7500/3 (REV Ocean)	Triton Submarines	2019	7500	3	Operational.
Triumph	SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation	2005	457	3	Operational. Available for purchase.
UC1 Freya	Peter Madsen	2002	10	0	Retired 2006. Sunk as an artificial reef near Copenhagen in 2008.
UC2 Kraka	Peter Madsen	2005	40	0	Retired 2009. On display at the Technical Museum of Denmark in Helsingør, Denmark.
UC3 Nautilus	Peter Madsen	2008	40	6	Retired 2018. Destroyed in 2018 by Danish authorities.
URF	Kockums Shipyard	1978	460	30
VAS 525/60 LE MK 2	GSE Trieste s.r.l.	2015	160	6	Operational.
Wasp	Offshore Submersibles, Ltd.	1977	610	1
Yomiuri	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	1964	300	6

Appendix 2: Submersible Builders and Operators

Submersible Builders

Submersible Operators

Appendix 3: Hazards of the Deep

Busby published an two-part article in Ocean Industry titled "Hazards of the Deep" which listed the following seven man-made and natural hazards:

Man-Made Hazards

Cables
Wrecks
Bottom-Mounted Hardware / Buoyed Arrays
Surface Traffic
Sub-Surface Traffic
Explosive Ordinance
Miscellaneous Hazards

Natural Hazards

Sea State
Currents
Bottom Sediments
Topography
Visibility
Marine Organisms
Miscellaneous Hazards

Glossary

ABS: American Bureau of Shipping
AUV: Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
BCS: Bulgarian Classification Society
CCS: China Classification Society
FRP: Fiber Reinforced Polymer
HOV: Human Occupied Vehicle
IRS: Indian Register of Shipping
LR: Lloyd’s Register of Shipping
NK: Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
RINA: Registro Italiano Navale
ROV: Remotely Operated Vehicle
USCG: United States Coast Guard
DNV: Det Norske Veritas

References

Most information provided here was taken from the following sources:

Busby, R. Frank (Roswell Frank) Manned Submersibles. Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, 1976.
Busby, R. Frank (Roswell Frank) Review of Manned Submersibles: Design, Operations, Safety and Instrumentation. Arlington, VA: Busby, 1978.
Busby Associates, Inc. Undersea Vehicles Directory: 1990-91. Arlington, VA: Busby Associates, 1990.

Biographical information was collected from the following sources:

Capt. George W. Kittredge

"Captain George W. Kittredge" The Free Press (Rockland, ME) 2010.

R. Frank Busby

"Oceanographer and Author R. Frank Busby Dies at 57" The Washington Post 03 August 1990.

Additional information for specific submersibles was collected from the following sources:

All Ocean Industries

Lynch, James F. "Small Submarine Ready for Underwater Exploration" The New York Times 25 April 1971: 14.

Antipodes (XPC-1501)

OceanGate Expeditions. "Antipodes Deep Submersible." Accessed June 29, 2023. https://antipodesdeepsub.com/index.html
Marlin Submarines. "XPC15." Archived July 9, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120709191634/http://www.msubs.com/xpc15.htm

Argus

Russian Academy of Sciences Experimental Design Bureau of Oceanological Engineering. "EDBOE RAS Manned Systems Experience." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://edboe.ru/history_e.htm

Aurora-3C

SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation. "AURORA-3C: COMPACT 3 PERSON PERSONAL SUBMARINE." Accessed March 27, 2020. https://www.seamagine.com/personal-submarine-3-person.html

Bentos 300

Lutsenko, Valeriy. "'Benthos-300' Type Manned Submersible Project 1603." Accessed April 08, 2020. http://soviet-trawler.narod.ru/pages/ussr/bentos.html
Отечественная гидронавтика. "Подводная лаборатория "Бентос" проект 1603." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://oosif.ru/pa-minrybkhoza-sssr?mode=album&album_id=10439806

C-BUG

Potts, Mary Anne. "Confessions of a Backyard Submarine Builder" National Geographic Adventure November 2002.
Williams, Craig. "The Homemade Submarine" Deeper Blue February 27, 1999.

Curasub

Nuytco Research Ltd. "Curasub Specifications." Accessed March 27, 2020. https://nuytco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Curasub-specifications.pdf

Deep Flight Aviator

Hawkes Ocean Technologies. "Deep Flight 502." June 21, 2006. http://www.deepflight.com/subs/dfa.htm
Squatriglia, Chuck. "Soaring under the Bay / San Anselmo man builds cheaper, faster high-tech submarine" SF Gate January 24, 2003.

Deep Flight I

Hawkes Ocean Technologies. "Deep Flight I." Last modified October 14, 2012. http://www.deepflight.com/subs/df1.htm

Deep Flight Super Falcon

Hawkes Ocean Technologies. "Deep Flight Super Falcon." Last modified October 14, 2012. http://www.deepflight.com/subs/df_superfalcon.htm
Walker, Thayer. "Just Don't Call It a Submarine" Outside 21 April 2010.

Deep Rover

Nuytco Research Ltd. "Deep Rover Specifications." Accessed March 27, 2020. https://nuytco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Deep-Rover-specifications.pdf

Deepworker 2000

Nuytco Research Ltd. "DeepWorker 2000 Specifications." Accessed March 27, 2020. https://nuytco.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DeepWorker-2000-Spec-v8.pdf

DSRV-2 (Avalon)

Johnston, Joe "Morro Bay’s Maritime Museum celebrates World War II tugboat, permanent site" The Tribune (San Luis Obispo, CA) 02 June 2016.

Dual Deepworker 2000

Nuytco Research Ltd. "Dual DeepWorker 2000 Specifications." Accessed March 27, 2020. https://nuytco.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DDW2000-Spec-sheet-2015.pdf

Eurosub

Tauchbasis Kreidesee. "Technical Specifications." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://www.kreideseetaucher.de/u-boot/technische-daten
Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. "EuroSub" Klaar Voor Onderwater. No. 111 (March 2010). 7-9.

Fathom Z (Hyper-Sub)

Marion Hyper-Sub. "The Hyper-Sub Prototype Fathom." Archived November 05, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121105133126/http://www.hyper-sub.com/prototype.statistics.php

Gemini

Subeo, Ltd. "Gemini Brochure." Accessed June 06, 2021. http://www.subeo.com/downlaods/EnglishPDF.pdf

Guppy

Sun Ship Historical Society. "Fact Sheet for Sun Ship’s Submersible GUPPY." Accessed June 06, 2021. http://www.sunship.org/industrialpro/guppy/guppy_info_sht_v5.pdf

Haeyang 250

Korea National Maritime Museum. "국립해양박물관 웹진 vol.4." Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.knmm.or.kr/webzine/vol4/contact_01.aspx
Nakauchi, Kiyofumi. "海洋調査潜水艇「Haeyang 250」." Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.oceandictionary.jp/scapes1/scape_by_randam/randam16/select1605.html

Ictineu 3

Alcocer, A., Forès, P., Giuffré, G., and Parareda, C. "The ICTINEU 3 Project: A Modern Manned Submersible for Scientific Research and Intervention." Accessed December 29, 2019. http://www.ictineu.net/wp-content/uploads/The-Ictineu-3-Project.pdf

Idabel

Stanley Submarines. "Deepsea Submarine Idabel." Accessed January 06, 2020. http://www.stanleysubmarines.com/submarine/

JAGO

GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. "Technical Specifications." Accessed December 19, 2018. https://www.geomar.de/en/centre/central-facilities/tlz/jago/specifications-logistics/
GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. "Farewell to JAGO." Accessed June 28, 2023. https://www.geomar.de/en/news/article/abschied-von-jago

Jiaolong

China Internet Information Center. "China successfully completes trial run on deep water submersible." Accessed March 23, 2017. http://www.china.org.cn/video/2010-08/28/content_20813698.htm

Marlin S-101 (Noctiluca)

Marlin Submarines. "S101." Archived May 1, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080501164208/http://www.msubs.com/s101.htm
Community Submersibles Project. "Our Submersibles." Accessed December 29, 2019. https://www.communitysubmersiblesproject.com/our-submersibles/

Marlin S-103 (LULA500)

Marlin Submarines. "S103." Archived May 1, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080501164219/http://www.msubs.com/s103.htm
Fundação Rebikoff-Niggeler. "submarine LULA." Archived February 26, 2012. http://web.archive.org/web/20120226062043/http://www.rebikoff.org/html/submarine_lula.html
MarineLink. "Deep-sea Submersible Purchase by OceanGate." Accessed Ocotober 24, 2021. https://www.marinelink.com/news/submersible-oceangate350747
Marine Technology News. "OceanGate Submersible Refit Part of 3,000m Deep Project." Accessed June 20, 2023. https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/news/oceangate-submersible-refit-3000m-487259

Marlin S-201

Marlin Submarines. "S201 Characteristics." Archived April 2, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080402080427/http://www.msubs.com/s201characteristics.htm
Submergence Group LLC. "S201 Marian Specs." Archived December 7, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131207194650/http://www.submergencegroup.com/s201_marion_specs.php

Marlin AP6 (Alicia)

Alicia Submarine LLC. "Technical Specs." Accessed January 6, 2020. http://www.aliciasub.com/techspecs.html

NordicSub Drebbel

AiResearch. "NordicSub." Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.airesearch.nl/nordicsub/
Busch, Anouschka. "Doe-het-zelf-duikboot" Quest. May 2016. 84-88.

OSMOTR

Russian Academy of Sciences Experimental Design Bureau of Oceanological Engineering. "EDBOE RAS Manned Systems Experience." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://edboe.ru/history_e.htm

Remora 2000

Comex Industries. "Minibex - Remora 2000." Archived February 23, 2011. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comex.fr%2Ffileadmin%2Ftelechargement%2FMinibex_Remora2000_VF.pdf

Remora 600

La Cité de la Mer. "Remora 600." Accessed March 3, 2020. http://mediathequedelamer.com/wp-content/uploads/la-cite-de-la-mer-fiches-colleges-engins-remora-600.pdf

Rift

Russian Academy of Sciences Experimental Design Bureau of Oceanological Engineering. "EDBOE RAS Manned Systems Experience." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://edboe.ru/history_e.htm

SAGA

J. Mollard, J., & Sauzade D. "SAGA, PREMIER SOUS-MARIN INDUSTRIEL AUTONOME” IFREMER, Actes de Colloques. No. 12 (1991).

Sever-2

Lutsenko, Valeriy. "'Sever-2' Type Manned Submersible Project 1825." Accessed April 08, 2020. http://soviet-trawler.narod.ru/pages/ussr/sever2.html
Отечественная гидронавтика. "Глубоководный аппарат "Север-2" проект 1825." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://oosif.ru/pa-minrybkhoza-sssr?mode=album&album_id=10439406
Zajonc, Taylor. "Soviet Submarine Found in Alabama Bayou Shipyard." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://expeditionwriter.com/soviet-submarine-found-in-alabama-bayou-shipyard/
Raines, Ben. "Mike deGruy, world famous undersea filmmaker from Mobile, dies in helicopter crash" al.com February 7, 2012.

Shinkai 2000

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. "Deep Submergence Research Vehicle SHINKAI 2000." Accessed March 23, 2017. https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/shinkai2000.html

Endo, M., & Saeki, M. (1984, January 1). Design And Operation Of “Shinkai 2000.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/12465-MS

Sakakura, K., S. Tokunaga, M. Okada, H. Katoh, K. Tsushima, Y. Maruo. "Study of a Shot Ballast System for a 2,000m Deep Submergence Research Vehicle." JAMSTECTR Deepsea Res. No. 4 (1980). 31-37.

Tokunaga, S., U. Hagiwara, H. Katoh, K. Tsushima, T. Kurokawa, T. Nakanishi. "Test of an Experimental Ag — Zn Battery for the 2,000m Deep Submergence Research Vehicle (Report II) Battery System." JAMSTECTR Deepsea Res. No. 5 (1980). 1-12.

Kawahara, T., T. Suzuki, T. Kurokawa. "Silver-Zinc Battery Power System for 2,000m Deep Submergence Research Vehicle 'SHINKAI 2000'." OCEANS 82 (1982). 50-56.

Shinkai 6500

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. "Deep Submergence Research Vehicle SHINKAI 6500." Accessed March 23, 2017. https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/shinkai6500.html

Snooper

Stewart, Jill "Homemade Sub Makes Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea a Reality" The Los Angeles Times 23 February 1986.

Stingray 500

Aquatica Submarines. "STINGRAY 500-01 MANNED SUBMERSIBLE" Accessed June 27, 2023. https://sectormaritimo.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Aquatica-Specs-Stingray-1.pdf

Sub Aviator and Super Aviator

"Super Aviator Test Flights" INA Quarterly Spring 2009.
Graham, Caroline. "It's all plane sailing: The Super Aviator sub in action" Mail Online November 13, 2009.

Thetis

Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. "ROVs." Accessed March 03, 2020. https://www.hcmr.gr/en/equipment/researchvessels_underwatervehicles/rovs/

Tinro-2

Lutsenko, Valeriy. "'Tinro-2' Type Manned Submersible Project 1602." Accessed April 08, 2020. http://soviet-trawler.narod.ru/pages/ussr/tinro2.html
Отечественная гидронавтика. "Подводный аппарат "ТИНРО-2" проект 1602." Accessed April 9, 2020. http://oosif.ru/pa-minrybkhoza-sssr?mode=album&album_id=10439606

Titan

OceanGate Submersibles. "Titan Specification Sheet" Accessed October 2, 2020. https://www.oceangate.com/pdf/oceangate-titan-specs-lr.pdf

Triton 1000/2 (Nemo & Nomad)

Triton Submarines. "1000/2 - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/t10002/
Triton Submarines. "Triton Subs Spec Sheet." Accessed October 14, 2021. https://globalsubdive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Triton-Subs-10002-Spec-Sheet-GSD-Version.pdf
Global Subdive. "Manned Submersibles." Accessed October 14, 2021. https://globalsubdive.com/services/equipment/manned-submersibles/

Triton 1000/2 MKII

Triton Submarines. "Triton 1000/2 MKII - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/t10002mkii/

Triton 1650/3

Triton Submarines. "Triton 1650/3 - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/triton-16503/

Triton 3300/1 MD

Triton Submarines. "3300/1 MD - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/t33001md/

Triton 3300/3 MKII

Triton Submarines. "3300/3 - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/t33003/

Triton 7500/3 (REV Ocean)

Triton Submarines. "Triton 7500/3 - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/triton-75003/

Triton 36000/2 (Limiting Factor)

Triton Submarines. "Triton 36000/2 - Triton Submarines." Accessed January 06, 2020. https://tritonsubs.com/products-services/all-subs/triton-36000-2/

Triumph

SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation. "Triumph 3 Person Model." Accessed March 27, 2020. https://www.seamagine.com/assets/SEAMAGINE-TRIUMPH-3.pdf

General information on submarine systems and health are available from the following source:

United States Bureau of Naval Personnel, Standards and Curriculum Division The fleet type submarine Washington DC, 1946.

Information on safety in the tourist submarine industry is available at the following source, which was helpful in following the locations of the many tourist submarines built in the late 1980s:

National Research Council. Safety of Tourist Submersibles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1990. https://doi.org/10.17226/1744